1) Give a brief explanations about their policy
and invention for each oh them:
- Herman
William Daendels
- Thomas
Stamford Raffles
- Van
Den Bosch
- Multatuli
- Conrad Theodore van Deventer
- Van
der Cappellen
- Willem
Janssen
2) Use picture in your explanations!
3) Have to use English
1.Herman William Deandles
As a revolutionary , Daendels very
supportive of liberal changes . He also aspires to improve the lot of the
people by promoting agriculture and trade . However , in making its policies so
that he be a dictator in his short reign , the mind of the people is just
cruelty. Reforms carried Daendels in three -year tenure in Indonesia are as
follows .
I. ) Field of Government Bureaucracy
1 . Council of the Dutch East Indies as a legislative
assistant governor general dissolved and replaced by the Advisory Board . One
of the counselors is capably Mr . Muntinghe .
2 . Java island is divided into 31 counties and 9
prefektuur . Prefektuur each headed by a resident ( prefect ) is directly under
the administration of the State Guardian . Each resident supervises several
regents .
3 . The regents and the Dutch government employees be
given the rank of employment in accordance with the provisions of the Dutch
government . They earn a living from the land and labor in accordance with
customary law .
II . ) For Law and Justice
1 . In the legal field , Daendels established 3 types of
courts .
* Court for the Europeans .
* Court for the natives .
* Court for the Eastern Foreigners .
Court to natives in each prefektuur with prefect as
chairman and as a member of the regents . This law applied in the district ,
whereas in areas such prefektuur Batavia , Semarang , and Surabaya apply
European law .
2 . Combating corruption indiscriminately , including
against the Europeans though . However , Daendels themselves have committed
massive corruption in the sale of land to private .
III . ) Military Affairs and Defense
Anyer - Panarukan pathway maps are built on the orders of
Governor General Herman Willem Daendels . This way of making the people doing
the hard labor or bread , ehh ... Rodi !
In carrying out its primary task to defend Java from
British attack , Daendels take the following steps .
1 . Build a road between Anyer - Panarukan well as defense
of traffic and the economy .
2 . Increase the number of troops in the army from 3000 to
20,000 people .
3 . Build a weapons factory in Gresik and Semarang . This
was done because he can not expect any more help from Europe due to the
blockade at sea .
4 . Build a naval base in Ujung Kulon and Surabaya .
IV . ) Economics and Finance
1 . Established the State Comptroller ( Algemene Rekenkaer
) and be done with hard fighting corruption .
2 . Issue banknotes .
3 . Improve employee salaries .
4 . Taxes in kind ( contingenten ) and compulsory delivery
system ( Verplichte Leverantie ) is applied to the VOC era continued , even
enhanced .
5 . Held a monopoly on rice trade .
6 . Stelsel Prianger hold , namely the obligation for the
people and the surrounding Priangan ekspoer to grow crops ( like coffee ) .
V. ) Social Sector
1 . People are forced to do hard labor ( forced ) to build
a road Anyer - Panarukan .
2 . Perbudakkan allowed to develop .
3 . Remove memorial to the resident , Sunan , or sultans .
4 . Make the postal network postal districts using horses
Reference:
History Books for Class XI Science, published by Yudhishthira. In stacking by M. Habib et al Mustopo
2. Thomas Stamford Raffles
Raffles was appointed
Lieutenant Governor
Java in 1811 and was promoted
as Governor of Sumatra shortly
later , when the British took over
colonies when the Dutch colony of Netherlands
occupied by Napoleon Bonaparte from
France . While serving as a ruler
Dutch East Indies , Raffles seek
many things : he introduced the autonomy
limited , stop the slave trade ,
reform the system of government land
Dutch colonial , investigate flora and fauna
Indonesia , examines relics
like ancient Borobudur and Candi
Prambanan , Java, and many aspects Literature
other . He taught himself Malay and
researching historical documents Malay
which inspired the search for
Borobudur. Research results in Java
he wrote in a book berjudulkan
History of Java , which tells
about the history of the island of Java . in
conduct research , Raffles is assisted by
assistants are James Crawfurd and
Colonel Colin Mackenzie .
Raffles wife , Marianne Olivia , died at
dated 26 November 1814 in Buitenzorg and
buried in Batavia , precisely in place
Inscription is now a museum . in
Bogor Botanical Gardens built monuments
memorial to commemorate the death of the
wife .
Raffles policies in the field of
is certain :
Field of bureaucracy and government
Raffles steps on the field
rule is :
• Java Divide into 16
residency ( residency system is
lasted until 1964
• Change the system of government
originally performed by native rulers
a system of colonial rule
Western -style )
• Regent - regents or governors
native released a position
they gained hereditary
• set the jury trial system
Economics and finance
Farmers are given the freedom to grow
export crops , while the government only
obligated to make a market for
stimulate farmers to grow export crops
the most profitable . deletion
agricultural tax ( contingenten ) and system
mandatory submission ( verplichte leverantie )
which has been applied since the time of the VOC .
Establish a system of ground rent ( landrent )
based on the assumption that the government
colonial . Basis of taxation
individual .
law
The justice system is applied Raffles
better than that carried out by
Daendels . Because Daendels oriented
skin color ( race ) , more oriented Raffles
on the size of the error . Agencies
Law enforcement in the Raffles as
the following :
• Court of Justice , located on each
resident
• Court of Request , is present at all
division
• Police Magistrate of
social field
Elimination of forced labor ( forced labor )
Abolition of slavery , but in
practice it violates laws
themselves by doing similar activities
slavery . Elimination pynbank ( hurt ) ,
that is a very cruel punishment with
against tigers .
Field of Science
• He wrote a book entitled History of Java
in London in 1817 and divided into two
volume
• He wrote a book entitled History of the
East Indian Archipelago in Eidenburg on
in 1820 and divided into three volumes
• Raffles also actively supports Bataviaach
Genootschap , a bevy
culture and science
• The discovery of flower Rafflesia Arnoldi
• blazes the Bogor Botanical Gardens
• Move to Airlangga Inscription
Calcutta , India that is named Inscription
Calcutta
Of this policy , one renewal
small introduction in the region
Dutch colonial system is changing
driving from the right to the next
left , which is in force today .
In 1815 returned to England
Java is returned to the Netherlands after
following the Napoleonic Wars . In 1817
He wrote and published the book History of
Java , which depicts the history of the island
since ancient times .
3.Van Den Bosch
Cultivation provisions (Stelsel culture), is:
1. provision
of land for cultivation approval based on population.
2. Land provided not
more than one-fifth
3. The land
is tax-exempt
4. Excess proceeds will be given to farmers harvest
5. Rice planting work no more than the time harvesting rice.
6. Crop
failures are not the fault of farmers is the responsibility of the government.
7. For those who do not own land or plantations employed dipabrik government.
8. Implementation by indigenous leaders.
Policy deviations cultivation:
1. Land supply agreement by force.
2. Land used more than one-fifth.
3. Work on the land for cultivation than paddy planting time.
4. The land
is still taxed.
5. Excess crops are not given to
the farmers.
6. Be borne
by farmers of crop failure.
7. Labor force used coercion
1. Open Door policy.
The background of the policy implementation:
a. Forced planting
b. understand the development of liberalism in Europe.
c. The
victory of the liberal party in the Netherlands
d. Sumatra Treaty 1871
reference : http://sulistiyani-thisisme.blogspot.com/2012/03/pemerintahan-van-den-bosch_12.html
4.Multatuli
MAX - Havelaar
Multatuli
is the pseudonym of Edward Douwes Dekker , born in 1820 in Amsterdam . He was
raised in a Protestant family of simple , where it causes a lot of trouble
because the character is restless and difficult . Because his parents wanted
him to be a priest , then in 1832 he entered the school called Latijnse School
( Latin School ) , where he failed to finish school . Somehow some tender then
he worked at a trading office in Amsterdam but it failed too .
The
hope of a new opportunity in the colonies , at the age of 18 he sailed to the
Dutch East Indies with his father . He then worked in the Netherlands , namely
the Financial Supervisory Board in Batavia , it turns out he was at his job .
Dekker associated with a Catholic girl named Caroline Versteegh , but
hubungnnya foundered because Dekker is not good at spending money.
Max Havelaar Multatuli work is a novel anti-colonial bercitra . Novel Max
Havelaar is very popular among intellectuals and figures of Indonesian
independence movement before the second world war . Surprisingly , the
literature has been translated into various languages , the new edition
published in Indonesian in 1972 , translated by HB Jassin writers . Max
Havelaar and currently can be found in the new edition is the result of a
translation of Andi Tenri W.
This book was written in the 1859 season by Multatuli in a simple guesthouse in
Belgium . Contains sharp criticism on the ideology of colonialism . This book
opens the eyes of the world , and how cruel pangs of a sense of oppression .
Max
Havelaar 's book is " singing " aka Multatuli Douwes Dekker as seen
inequalities Dutch government against the people in the colony . Douwes Dekker
had controleur positions ( top Dutch civil servants ) in Natal , North Sumatra
, and then transferred to Padang , West Sumatra , Rangkas Bitung , Lebak ,
Banten as well . He always opposed the policy of his superiors who are always
detrimental to the natives .
During a stint as a government stooge Netherlands , Douwes Dekker always
strongly rejected the model of the Dutch government . Who became the starting
point of criticism and opposition , because of injustice and deprivation that
made the Netherlands . Douwes Dekker sympathize
with the indigenous people of the persecuted and oppressed .
Douwes Dekker often see the judicial process that cheating and other cheating
also carried out by the Dutch government which is clearly detrimental to the
population . Various dibeberkannya case , for example , the case of an adopted
child Pamaga Sutan Salim is accused of trying to kill my master and controleur
Dutch Christmas at Christmas .
Because of his persistence to defend the natives , Douwes Dekker never
suspended . In fact , the more painful heart , Douwes Dekker wages paid only
half of it . As a result of this resistance in 1856 Douwes Dekker was dismissed
from his post . Even the Dutch government had demanded Douwes Dekker to court .
After losing the case , Douwes Dekker was sent back to Europe . But the spirit
of stiff resistance and rebellion does unflagging . The Dutch government can
not remove the " ideology " Multatuli . By renting a modest apartment
in Belgium began to fight .
Reference : http://rdedew.blogspot.com/2013/05/max-havelaar-karya-multatuli.html
5. Conrad Theodore van Deventer
Theodore van Deventer (1857-1915) is known
as a Dutch jurist and also figure the Ethical Policy . He's at a young age went
to the Dutch East Indies . In ten years , Deventer has become rich , because
private plantation estates and airline emerging BPM oil when it requires a lot
of advisory services hukum.Pada a letter dated 30 April 1886 addressed to his
parents , Deventer suggests the need for a more humane act for natives would
fear for Spain experienced bankruptcy due to mismanagement of the colony .
Then in 1899 Deventer wrote in the magazine De Gids ( Guide ) , entitled Een
Eereschuld ( debt of honor ) . Understanding the substasial Eereschuld is
" honor debts to be paid , even if not in demand upfront judge " . It
consists of concrete figures on the Dutch public that explains how they became
prosperous and safe country ( the railways, dams , etc. ) is the result of
colonization which comes from the Dutch colonies in the East Indies (
"Indonesia " ) , while the Indian Netherlands when it was poor and
backward . So it is appropriate if such property is returned .
As a member of the Dutch Parliament Deventer , he received a ministerial duty
of the colonies Idenburg to prepare a report on the economic situation of
indigenous people in Java and Madura . Within a year , successfully complete
the task Deventer (1904 ) . With open Deventer revealed a sad state , then the
firm has blamed government policy .
Around the mid -19th century began to appear in the Dutch humanist movement
spearheaded by , among others, Conrad Theodore van Deventer ( 1857-1915 ) .
This movement emerged after news of the Dutch East Indies colonial behavior ,
specifically the practice of oppression . The motion judge that the Dutch have
owed much to the Dutch East Indies . The
Netherlands has taken many of the colonies , practically without giving
anything . This motion requires a favorable change in the form of unilateral
relationship into a mutually beneficial relationship ( Symbiosis mutualism ) .
The people who belong to groups such as other humanitarian : Walter Baron Van
Hoevel , Fransen Van De Futte , also a Prime Minister Torbeck came forward to
defend the interests of the Indonesian people . At that time considered to be
the most successful figures change with the Dutch people's opinion a work of
writing is " Douwes Dekker " with the pseudonym " Multatuli
" . Who managed to write a work book called " Max Havelaar " .
Dutch Ethical Policy was initially formulated raises when the pro and cons ,
both among intellectuals , politicians and clergy ( the church ) in the
Netherlands . There are some who oppose ( the levels are quite loud ) in the
Dutch Parliament , but on the other hand there are supporting this program that
they deem as ' humane ' or even as ' moral obligation ' to the people of
Indonesia . Many people connect the new policy is the Dutch political thought
and writings tulsian Van Deventer published some time earlier , so Van Deventer
was then known as the originator of this ethical politics .
Ethical elaboration by Van Deventer was conceived in the form of irrigation,
education and emigration . The support is initially emerged from the Dutch
capitalists and industrialists who essentially wants to market its industry
while economic betterment of the people first and the second
Indonesia.Kebijakan abused by the Dutch government to construct irrigation for
Dutch plantations and emigration is done by moving the population to Dutch
plantation area to be used as forced labor . Only meaningful education for
Indonesia .
Social improvement is visible starting addressed , among others, in terms of
education . Why is this done ? Therefore , the problem of education ( education
) hardly explored and was deliberately not dealt before the Ethical Policy was
initiated . This is reflected in the writings of Van Deventer in the magazine
De Gids ( 1908 ) as follows : " Until recent times , most of us think of
education no intelligence and refinement of intellect pekeerti Bumiputera
nation . Originally paid tax , duty levy and planting done , not the origin of
life of the people miserable , memadailah . Then the fun of the government .
"
In 1905 , an election year in the Netherlands , Van Deventer and his friends to
win the Dutch Parliament , which because they are key actors in the formation
of the cabinet . A member of the Liberal Democrats , D. Fock , became Minister
of Colonies . He's willing to promote and expand the education of the natives .
This effort supported by Snouck suggestions and concepts , a professor indolog
in Leiden ( 1906 ) who suggested that the Dutch colonial government to provide
education to the indigenous elite in the best tradition of the West who will be
expected to be an important figure in the widely influential Indonesian society
.
In keeping with the spirit of the Ethical Policy , the Dutch colonial
government expanded the number of schools . Ethical political influence in the
field of teaching and education all play an important role in the development
and expansion of education and teaching in the Dutch East Indies . One of a
group of highly ethical instrumental in this field is Mr . J.H. Abendanon
(1852-1925) that the Minister of Culture , Religion , and Crafts for five years
( 1900-1905 ) . Since 1900 these schools stand , both for the aristocracy and
the common people are almost evenly distributed in these areas .
In 1903 started grammar school founded called Volk School ( village )
with a 3-year study period was followed denmgan program Vervolg School (
Secondary School ) with a 2-year study period . With the previous school like
this and then proceed to subsequent years , for example , called Meer
Uitgebreid Leger Onderwijs ( MULO ) , which is a school with a junior high
education level, level in the Dutch period and program Algemeene Middelbare
School ( AMS ) which is equivalent to high school education level .
Although it seems fairly well established objective forms of schooling on top ,
but in practice , even if not directly , there is a tendency discriminatory .
The trend was seen in the case of school children how to filter . The trick is
to impose school fees are quite expensive , and are often preferred for
families who have blue blood ancestry ( royal blood , royal blood ) or from
among the " gentry " ( pangreh civil or an employee in the office of
the Dutch government ) . Therefore , for the community down , then only from
members of the community or the rich who are able to send their children to a
high enough level of education . For community members who are less poor
dispossessed or forced not to put their children to school , or at least forced
to take other alternatives , for example, put their children into boarding
school .
One thing that is undeniable is that the aim of the school is conducted in the
Netherlands is not purely merely to empower public education , but rather to
generate power bureaucrats ( in accordance with the level of education ) to be
recruited in technical positions in the colonial administration Netherlands .
For example , since 1864 the Dutch had introduced a test program called Klein
Ambtenaars ' Examen , which is a program service exam that must be taken in
order to lower a person can be appointed as a government employee . Therefore ,
it seems clear that a program to create low-level bureaucrats are quite
prominent , especially after the year 1900 the school introduced Opleiding
School voor Inlandsche Ambtenaren ( OSVIA ) , which is a school that is
prepared to be public servants for the indigenous community . Thus there is a
strong impression that the educational activities is to smooth the economic and
political Netherlands .
Implementation of ethical policy not without criticism . Indo circles , which
socially are second class citizens but legally including Europeans feel left
out . Among them there is dissatisfaction because of the construction of
educational institutions simply addressed to the natives ( exclusive ) . Consequently
, the mix can not go to that place , while the choice for them for higher
education should go to Europe , which are very costly .
6. Van
der Cappellen
Van der Capellen pemerintahnnya of the year during 1817
-1830 , applying liberal political and economic policies . By conservatives as
economic hardship that befell the Netherlands , the policy of liberal economic
policy has failed . During its development , the liberals and conservatives
dominate successive parliaments and governments . These circumstances affect
the political and economic policy in Indonesia as a colony also turns to follow
the existing policy in the Netherlands .
In the Netherlands alone there are 2 camps are arguing :
1 . Liberal stronghold
Have confidence that the colonies would be profitable for the Dutch economic
affairs if left entirely to the private sector , without government
interference . Colonial government only taxes and as a supervisor .
2 . Conservative stronghold
Believes that the colonies would benefit the Dutch economy if affairs are
handled directly by the government . Indonesia is not yet ready to implement
liberal economic policies .
Failure van
der Capellen dropped liberals , in parliament and government dominated by
conservatives . At the time of the Governor -General van den Bosch , implement
conservative economic policies and politics in Indonesia. In 1830 began to apply
the rules of peonage ( forced labor ) who disebur Cultuurstelsel .
Cultuurstelsel in English is the Cultivation System, which has the meaning of
cropping systems . But in Indonesia Cultuurstelsel better known as cultivation
. This stands to reason as it is interpreted in practice because people are
forced to work and grow crops without being obliged to return . Crop plants are
required to conduct trade internationally as coffee , tea , pepper , quinine
and tobacco .
Cultuurstelsel
treated with the aim to earn as much as possible in a relatively short time .
With the expectation that the debts of the Netherlands in the face of
Napoleon's war and faced resistance kingdoms in Indonesia can be overcome .
Cultuurstelsel main points include :
1 . People are obliged to prepare a fifth of arable land
required for crops planted .
2 . Cropland compulsory tax-free , because the results are
paid as taxes .
3 . Any excess of the amount of tax yields will be refunded .
4 . Effort and time required for the plants mandatory ,
should not exceed the time required to grow rice .
5 . The people who do not have the required ground work for
66 days in a year in garden or
government -owned factories .
6 . If there is damage or crop failure is the responsibility
of the government .
7 . Implementation left entirely to the cultivation of the
native rulers ( village chief ) .
If you look at the points Cultuurstelsel when done properly is a good rule .
However, in practice much of the specifics or in other words a deviation occurs
. Deviations , among others :
1 . Land should be handed over the masses tend to exceed the
provisions fifth , intended as a backup
if the results are less favorable .
2 . Land planted with crops shall remain withdrawn tax .
3 . The people who do not have a claim turns out to work in
factories or plantations more than 66
days or fifth year .
4 . Excess of the amount of tax yields were not returned .
5 . In the event of crop failure turned out to be borne by farmers
.
This deviation occurs because the native rulers ( village head ) tempted by the
lure of the Dutch system cultuur procenten apply .
Cultuur Procenten is :
Gifts or gratuities from the government for implementing cultivation ( native
rulers , village heads ) who can submit harvest exceeds the provisions are
applied in a timely manner .
This mebuat native rulers intensified push people to work extra hard , no
matter the rules or the points in the culture system . Gifts or gratuities are
the main objectives in addition to praise from the Dutch Government . Poverty
and suffering of the people who do not care about getting worse . Areas that
suffer a lot of them :
1 . Sala in the valley area which covers an area of Surakarta
, Yogyakarta and Madiun .
2 . In the area of the Brantas valley especially in Kediri , Surabaya and
Besuki ( Eastbourne ) .
3 . In Tuban and Jepara port area .
4 . In the Priangan .
5 . In West Sumatra , especially since the 1840s .
Cultivation Thanks to that, between the years 1830 -
1870 ( in 40 years ) , Government of the Netherlands to benefit 823 million
guilders . With that money , the Dutch East Indies government treasury can be
fully recharged again , only about 33 million guilders . The rest is used to build
railroads and government buildings in the Netherlands .
Reference :
7.
Willem Janssen
Governor general of the Dutch East
Indies were only replacements Daendels briefly
in power, one year
(1881). He is a
former governor colong Cape (South Africa).
Janssens when England
began to threaten the ruling power. Her
priority is to deal with attacks that have been urged Britain
and instead continue
the development that has been initiated Daendels palace for
his residence.
On August 1811 the
UK really attack led Batavia with Lieutenant
General Sir Samuel Auchmuty so Dutch-French troops had to
retreat to Mesteer Cornelis. British forces after a battle victory
at Meester Cornelis
Janssens and troops
surrendered (August 26, 1811). It marked the beginning of the 1811-1816 period
of British colonialism under Thomas Stamford Raffles.
