1) Give a brief explanations about their policy
and invention for each oh them:
- Herman William Daendels
- Thomas Stamford Raffles
- Van Den Bosch
- Multatuli
- Conrad Theodore van Deventer
- Van der Cappellen
- Willem Janssen
2) Use picture in your explanations!
3) Have to use English
1.Herman William Deandles
As a revolutionary , Daendels very
supportive of liberal changes . He also aspires to improve the lot of the
people by promoting agriculture and trade . However , in making its policies so
that he be a dictator in his short reign , the mind of the people is just
cruelty. Reforms carried Daendels in three -year tenure in Indonesia are as
follows .
I. ) Field of Government Bureaucracy
1 . Council of the Dutch East Indies as a legislative assistant governor general dissolved and replaced by the Advisory Board . One of the counselors is capably Mr . Muntinghe .
2 . Java island is divided into 31 counties and 9 prefektuur . Prefektuur each headed by a resident ( prefect ) is directly under the administration of the State Guardian . Each resident supervises several regents .
3 . The regents and the Dutch government employees be given the rank of employment in accordance with the provisions of the Dutch government . They earn a living from the land and labor in accordance with customary law .
II . ) For Law and Justice
1 . In the legal field , Daendels established 3 types of courts .
* Court for the Europeans .
* Court for the natives .
* Court for the Eastern Foreigners .
Court to natives in each prefektuur with prefect as chairman and as a member of the regents . This law applied in the district , whereas in areas such prefektuur Batavia , Semarang , and Surabaya apply European law .
2 . Combating corruption indiscriminately , including against the Europeans though . However , Daendels themselves have committed massive corruption in the sale of land to private .
III . ) Military Affairs and Defense
I. ) Field of Government Bureaucracy
1 . Council of the Dutch East Indies as a legislative assistant governor general dissolved and replaced by the Advisory Board . One of the counselors is capably Mr . Muntinghe .
2 . Java island is divided into 31 counties and 9 prefektuur . Prefektuur each headed by a resident ( prefect ) is directly under the administration of the State Guardian . Each resident supervises several regents .
3 . The regents and the Dutch government employees be given the rank of employment in accordance with the provisions of the Dutch government . They earn a living from the land and labor in accordance with customary law .
II . ) For Law and Justice
1 . In the legal field , Daendels established 3 types of courts .
* Court for the Europeans .
* Court for the natives .
* Court for the Eastern Foreigners .
Court to natives in each prefektuur with prefect as chairman and as a member of the regents . This law applied in the district , whereas in areas such prefektuur Batavia , Semarang , and Surabaya apply European law .
2 . Combating corruption indiscriminately , including against the Europeans though . However , Daendels themselves have committed massive corruption in the sale of land to private .
III . ) Military Affairs and Defense
Anyer - Panarukan pathway maps are built on the orders of Governor General Herman Willem Daendels . This way of making the people doing the hard labor or bread , ehh ... Rodi !
In carrying out its primary task to defend Java from British attack , Daendels take the following steps .
1 . Build a road between Anyer - Panarukan well as defense of traffic and the economy .
2 . Increase the number of troops in the army from 3000 to 20,000 people .
3 . Build a weapons factory in Gresik and Semarang . This was done because he can not expect any more help from Europe due to the blockade at sea .
4 . Build a naval base in Ujung Kulon and Surabaya .
IV . ) Economics and Finance
1 . Established the State Comptroller ( Algemene Rekenkaer ) and be done with hard fighting corruption .
2 . Issue banknotes .
3 . Improve employee salaries .
4 . Taxes in kind ( contingenten ) and compulsory delivery system ( Verplichte Leverantie ) is applied to the VOC era continued , even enhanced .
5 . Held a monopoly on rice trade .
6 . Stelsel Prianger hold , namely the obligation for the people and the surrounding Priangan ekspoer to grow crops ( like coffee ) .
V. ) Social Sector
1 . People are forced to do hard labor ( forced ) to build a road Anyer - Panarukan .
2 . Perbudakkan allowed to develop .
3 . Remove memorial to the resident , Sunan , or sultans .
4 . Make the postal network postal districts using horses
Reference:
History Books for Class XI Science, published by Yudhishthira. In stacking by M. Habib et al Mustopo
2. Thomas Stamford Raffles
Raffles was appointed
Lieutenant Governor
Java in 1811 and was promoted
as Governor of Sumatra shortly
later , when the British took over
colonies when the Dutch colony of Netherlands
occupied by Napoleon Bonaparte from
France . While serving as a ruler
Dutch East Indies , Raffles seek
many things : he introduced the autonomy
limited , stop the slave trade ,
reform the system of government land
Dutch colonial , investigate flora and fauna
Indonesia , examines relics
like ancient Borobudur and Candi
Prambanan , Java, and many aspects Literature
other . He taught himself Malay and
researching historical documents Malay
which inspired the search for
Borobudur. Research results in Java
he wrote in a book berjudulkan
History of Java , which tells
about the history of the island of Java . in
conduct research , Raffles is assisted by
assistants are James Crawfurd and
Colonel Colin Mackenzie .
Raffles wife , Marianne Olivia , died at
dated 26 November 1814 in Buitenzorg and
buried in Batavia , precisely in place
Inscription is now a museum . in
Bogor Botanical Gardens built monuments
memorial to commemorate the death of the
wife .
Raffles policies in the field of
is certain :
Field of bureaucracy and government
Raffles steps on the field
rule is :
• Java Divide into 16
residency ( residency system is
lasted until 1964
• Change the system of government
originally performed by native rulers
a system of colonial rule
Western -style )
• Regent - regents or governors
native released a position
they gained hereditary
• set the jury trial system
Economics and finance
Farmers are given the freedom to grow
export crops , while the government only
obligated to make a market for
stimulate farmers to grow export crops
the most profitable . deletion
agricultural tax ( contingenten ) and system
mandatory submission ( verplichte leverantie )
which has been applied since the time of the VOC .
Establish a system of ground rent ( landrent )
based on the assumption that the government
colonial . Basis of taxation
individual .
law
The justice system is applied Raffles
better than that carried out by
Daendels . Because Daendels oriented
skin color ( race ) , more oriented Raffles
on the size of the error . Agencies
Law enforcement in the Raffles as
the following :
• Court of Justice , located on each
resident
• Court of Request , is present at all
division
• Police Magistrate of
social field
Elimination of forced labor ( forced labor )
Abolition of slavery , but in
practice it violates laws
themselves by doing similar activities
slavery . Elimination pynbank ( hurt ) ,
that is a very cruel punishment with
against tigers .
Field of Science
• He wrote a book entitled History of Java
in London in 1817 and divided into two
volume
• He wrote a book entitled History of the
East Indian Archipelago in Eidenburg on
in 1820 and divided into three volumes
• Raffles also actively supports Bataviaach
Genootschap , a bevy
culture and science
• The discovery of flower Rafflesia Arnoldi
• blazes the Bogor Botanical Gardens
• Move to Airlangga Inscription
Calcutta , India that is named Inscription
Calcutta
Of this policy , one renewal
small introduction in the region
Dutch colonial system is changing
driving from the right to the next
left , which is in force today .
In 1815 returned to England
Java is returned to the Netherlands after
following the Napoleonic Wars . In 1817
He wrote and published the book History of
Java , which depicts the history of the island
since ancient times .
Java in 1811 and was promoted
as Governor of Sumatra shortly
later , when the British took over
colonies when the Dutch colony of Netherlands
occupied by Napoleon Bonaparte from
France . While serving as a ruler
Dutch East Indies , Raffles seek
many things : he introduced the autonomy
limited , stop the slave trade ,
reform the system of government land
Dutch colonial , investigate flora and fauna
Indonesia , examines relics
like ancient Borobudur and Candi
Prambanan , Java, and many aspects Literature
other . He taught himself Malay and
researching historical documents Malay
which inspired the search for
Borobudur. Research results in Java
he wrote in a book berjudulkan
History of Java , which tells
about the history of the island of Java . in
conduct research , Raffles is assisted by
assistants are James Crawfurd and
Colonel Colin Mackenzie .
Raffles wife , Marianne Olivia , died at
dated 26 November 1814 in Buitenzorg and
buried in Batavia , precisely in place
Inscription is now a museum . in
Bogor Botanical Gardens built monuments
memorial to commemorate the death of the
wife .
Raffles policies in the field of
is certain :
Field of bureaucracy and government
Raffles steps on the field
rule is :
• Java Divide into 16
residency ( residency system is
lasted until 1964
• Change the system of government
originally performed by native rulers
a system of colonial rule
Western -style )
• Regent - regents or governors
native released a position
they gained hereditary
• set the jury trial system
Economics and finance
Farmers are given the freedom to grow
export crops , while the government only
obligated to make a market for
stimulate farmers to grow export crops
the most profitable . deletion
agricultural tax ( contingenten ) and system
mandatory submission ( verplichte leverantie )
which has been applied since the time of the VOC .
Establish a system of ground rent ( landrent )
based on the assumption that the government
colonial . Basis of taxation
individual .
law
The justice system is applied Raffles
better than that carried out by
Daendels . Because Daendels oriented
skin color ( race ) , more oriented Raffles
on the size of the error . Agencies
Law enforcement in the Raffles as
the following :
• Court of Justice , located on each
resident
• Court of Request , is present at all
division
• Police Magistrate of
social field
Elimination of forced labor ( forced labor )
Abolition of slavery , but in
practice it violates laws
themselves by doing similar activities
slavery . Elimination pynbank ( hurt ) ,
that is a very cruel punishment with
against tigers .
Field of Science
• He wrote a book entitled History of Java
in London in 1817 and divided into two
volume
• He wrote a book entitled History of the
East Indian Archipelago in Eidenburg on
in 1820 and divided into three volumes
• Raffles also actively supports Bataviaach
Genootschap , a bevy
culture and science
• The discovery of flower Rafflesia Arnoldi
• blazes the Bogor Botanical Gardens
• Move to Airlangga Inscription
Calcutta , India that is named Inscription
Calcutta
Of this policy , one renewal
small introduction in the region
Dutch colonial system is changing
driving from the right to the next
left , which is in force today .
In 1815 returned to England
Java is returned to the Netherlands after
following the Napoleonic Wars . In 1817
He wrote and published the book History of
Java , which depicts the history of the island
since ancient times .
3.Van Den Bosch
Cultivation provisions (Stelsel culture), is:
1. provision of land for cultivation approval based on population.
2. Land provided not more than one-fifth
3. The land is tax-exempt
4. Excess proceeds will be given to farmers harvest
5. Rice planting work no more than the time harvesting rice.
6. Crop failures are not the fault of farmers is the responsibility of the government.
7. For those who do not own land or plantations employed dipabrik government.
8. Implementation by indigenous leaders.
Policy deviations cultivation:
1. Land supply agreement by force.
2. Land used more than one-fifth.
3. Work on the land for cultivation than paddy planting time.
4. The land is still taxed.
5. Excess crops are not given to the farmers.
6. Be borne by farmers of crop failure.
7. Labor force used coercion
1. Open Door policy.
The background of the policy implementation:
a. Forced planting
b. understand the development of liberalism in Europe.
c. The victory of the liberal party in the Netherlands
d. Sumatra Treaty 1871
reference : http://sulistiyani-thisisme.blogspot.com/2012/03/pemerintahan-van-den-bosch_12.html
1. provision of land for cultivation approval based on population.
2. Land provided not more than one-fifth
3. The land is tax-exempt
4. Excess proceeds will be given to farmers harvest
5. Rice planting work no more than the time harvesting rice.
6. Crop failures are not the fault of farmers is the responsibility of the government.
7. For those who do not own land or plantations employed dipabrik government.
8. Implementation by indigenous leaders.
Policy deviations cultivation:
1. Land supply agreement by force.
2. Land used more than one-fifth.
3. Work on the land for cultivation than paddy planting time.
4. The land is still taxed.
5. Excess crops are not given to the farmers.
6. Be borne by farmers of crop failure.
7. Labor force used coercion
1. Open Door policy.
The background of the policy implementation:
a. Forced planting
b. understand the development of liberalism in Europe.
c. The victory of the liberal party in the Netherlands
d. Sumatra Treaty 1871
reference : http://sulistiyani-thisisme.blogspot.com/2012/03/pemerintahan-van-den-bosch_12.html
4.Multatuli
MAX - Havelaar
Multatuli is the pseudonym of Edward Douwes Dekker , born in 1820 in Amsterdam . He was raised in a Protestant family of simple , where it causes a lot of trouble because the character is restless and difficult . Because his parents wanted him to be a priest , then in 1832 he entered the school called Latijnse School ( Latin School ) , where he failed to finish school . Somehow some tender then he worked at a trading office in Amsterdam but it failed too .
The hope of a new opportunity in the colonies , at the age of 18 he sailed to the Dutch East Indies with his father . He then worked in the Netherlands , namely the Financial Supervisory Board in Batavia , it turns out he was at his job . Dekker associated with a Catholic girl named Caroline Versteegh , but hubungnnya foundered because Dekker is not good at spending money.
Max Havelaar Multatuli work is a novel anti-colonial bercitra . Novel Max Havelaar is very popular among intellectuals and figures of Indonesian independence movement before the second world war . Surprisingly , the literature has been translated into various languages , the new edition published in Indonesian in 1972 , translated by HB Jassin writers . Max Havelaar and currently can be found in the new edition is the result of a translation of Andi Tenri W.
This book was written in the 1859 season by Multatuli in a simple guesthouse in Belgium . Contains sharp criticism on the ideology of colonialism . This book opens the eyes of the world , and how cruel pangs of a sense of oppression .
Max Havelaar 's book is " singing " aka Multatuli Douwes Dekker as seen inequalities Dutch government against the people in the colony . Douwes Dekker had controleur positions ( top Dutch civil servants ) in Natal , North Sumatra , and then transferred to Padang , West Sumatra , Rangkas Bitung , Lebak , Banten as well . He always opposed the policy of his superiors who are always detrimental to the natives .
During a stint as a government stooge Netherlands , Douwes Dekker always strongly rejected the model of the Dutch government . Who became the starting point of criticism and opposition , because of injustice and deprivation that made the Netherlands . Douwes Dekker sympathize with the indigenous people of the persecuted and oppressed .
Douwes Dekker often see the judicial process that cheating and other cheating also carried out by the Dutch government which is clearly detrimental to the population . Various dibeberkannya case , for example , the case of an adopted child Pamaga Sutan Salim is accused of trying to kill my master and controleur Dutch Christmas at Christmas .
Because of his persistence to defend the natives , Douwes Dekker never suspended . In fact , the more painful heart , Douwes Dekker wages paid only half of it . As a result of this resistance in 1856 Douwes Dekker was dismissed from his post . Even the Dutch government had demanded Douwes Dekker to court .
After losing the case , Douwes Dekker was sent back to Europe . But the spirit of stiff resistance and rebellion does unflagging . The Dutch government can not remove the " ideology " Multatuli . By renting a modest apartment in Belgium began to fight .
Multatuli is the pseudonym of Edward Douwes Dekker , born in 1820 in Amsterdam . He was raised in a Protestant family of simple , where it causes a lot of trouble because the character is restless and difficult . Because his parents wanted him to be a priest , then in 1832 he entered the school called Latijnse School ( Latin School ) , where he failed to finish school . Somehow some tender then he worked at a trading office in Amsterdam but it failed too .
The hope of a new opportunity in the colonies , at the age of 18 he sailed to the Dutch East Indies with his father . He then worked in the Netherlands , namely the Financial Supervisory Board in Batavia , it turns out he was at his job . Dekker associated with a Catholic girl named Caroline Versteegh , but hubungnnya foundered because Dekker is not good at spending money.
Max Havelaar Multatuli work is a novel anti-colonial bercitra . Novel Max Havelaar is very popular among intellectuals and figures of Indonesian independence movement before the second world war . Surprisingly , the literature has been translated into various languages , the new edition published in Indonesian in 1972 , translated by HB Jassin writers . Max Havelaar and currently can be found in the new edition is the result of a translation of Andi Tenri W.
This book was written in the 1859 season by Multatuli in a simple guesthouse in Belgium . Contains sharp criticism on the ideology of colonialism . This book opens the eyes of the world , and how cruel pangs of a sense of oppression .
Max Havelaar 's book is " singing " aka Multatuli Douwes Dekker as seen inequalities Dutch government against the people in the colony . Douwes Dekker had controleur positions ( top Dutch civil servants ) in Natal , North Sumatra , and then transferred to Padang , West Sumatra , Rangkas Bitung , Lebak , Banten as well . He always opposed the policy of his superiors who are always detrimental to the natives .
During a stint as a government stooge Netherlands , Douwes Dekker always strongly rejected the model of the Dutch government . Who became the starting point of criticism and opposition , because of injustice and deprivation that made the Netherlands . Douwes Dekker sympathize with the indigenous people of the persecuted and oppressed .
Douwes Dekker often see the judicial process that cheating and other cheating also carried out by the Dutch government which is clearly detrimental to the population . Various dibeberkannya case , for example , the case of an adopted child Pamaga Sutan Salim is accused of trying to kill my master and controleur Dutch Christmas at Christmas .
Because of his persistence to defend the natives , Douwes Dekker never suspended . In fact , the more painful heart , Douwes Dekker wages paid only half of it . As a result of this resistance in 1856 Douwes Dekker was dismissed from his post . Even the Dutch government had demanded Douwes Dekker to court .
After losing the case , Douwes Dekker was sent back to Europe . But the spirit of stiff resistance and rebellion does unflagging . The Dutch government can not remove the " ideology " Multatuli . By renting a modest apartment in Belgium began to fight .
Reference : http://rdedew.blogspot.com/2013/05/max-havelaar-karya-multatuli.html
5. Conrad Theodore van Deventer
Theodore van Deventer (1857-1915) is known
as a Dutch jurist and also figure the Ethical Policy . He's at a young age went
to the Dutch East Indies . In ten years , Deventer has become rich , because
private plantation estates and airline emerging BPM oil when it requires a lot
of advisory services hukum.Pada a letter dated 30 April 1886 addressed to his
parents , Deventer suggests the need for a more humane act for natives would
fear for Spain experienced bankruptcy due to mismanagement of the colony .
Then in 1899 Deventer wrote in the magazine De Gids ( Guide ) , entitled Een Eereschuld ( debt of honor ) . Understanding the substasial Eereschuld is " honor debts to be paid , even if not in demand upfront judge " . It consists of concrete figures on the Dutch public that explains how they became prosperous and safe country ( the railways, dams , etc. ) is the result of colonization which comes from the Dutch colonies in the East Indies ( "Indonesia " ) , while the Indian Netherlands when it was poor and backward . So it is appropriate if such property is returned .
As a member of the Dutch Parliament Deventer , he received a ministerial duty of the colonies Idenburg to prepare a report on the economic situation of indigenous people in Java and Madura . Within a year , successfully complete the task Deventer (1904 ) . With open Deventer revealed a sad state , then the firm has blamed government policy .
Around the mid -19th century began to appear in the Dutch humanist movement spearheaded by , among others, Conrad Theodore van Deventer ( 1857-1915 ) . This movement emerged after news of the Dutch East Indies colonial behavior , specifically the practice of oppression . The motion judge that the Dutch have owed much to the Dutch East Indies . The Netherlands has taken many of the colonies , practically without giving anything . This motion requires a favorable change in the form of unilateral relationship into a mutually beneficial relationship ( Symbiosis mutualism ) .
The people who belong to groups such as other humanitarian : Walter Baron Van Hoevel , Fransen Van De Futte , also a Prime Minister Torbeck came forward to defend the interests of the Indonesian people . At that time considered to be the most successful figures change with the Dutch people's opinion a work of writing is " Douwes Dekker " with the pseudonym " Multatuli " . Who managed to write a work book called " Max Havelaar " .
Dutch Ethical Policy was initially formulated raises when the pro and cons , both among intellectuals , politicians and clergy ( the church ) in the Netherlands . There are some who oppose ( the levels are quite loud ) in the Dutch Parliament , but on the other hand there are supporting this program that they deem as ' humane ' or even as ' moral obligation ' to the people of Indonesia . Many people connect the new policy is the Dutch political thought and writings tulsian Van Deventer published some time earlier , so Van Deventer was then known as the originator of this ethical politics .
Ethical elaboration by Van Deventer was conceived in the form of irrigation, education and emigration . The support is initially emerged from the Dutch capitalists and industrialists who essentially wants to market its industry while economic betterment of the people first and the second Indonesia.Kebijakan abused by the Dutch government to construct irrigation for Dutch plantations and emigration is done by moving the population to Dutch plantation area to be used as forced labor . Only meaningful education for Indonesia .
Social improvement is visible starting addressed , among others, in terms of education . Why is this done ? Therefore , the problem of education ( education ) hardly explored and was deliberately not dealt before the Ethical Policy was initiated . This is reflected in the writings of Van Deventer in the magazine De Gids ( 1908 ) as follows : " Until recent times , most of us think of education no intelligence and refinement of intellect pekeerti Bumiputera nation . Originally paid tax , duty levy and planting done , not the origin of life of the people miserable , memadailah . Then the fun of the government . "
In 1905 , an election year in the Netherlands , Van Deventer and his friends to win the Dutch Parliament , which because they are key actors in the formation of the cabinet . A member of the Liberal Democrats , D. Fock , became Minister of Colonies . He's willing to promote and expand the education of the natives . This effort supported by Snouck suggestions and concepts , a professor indolog in Leiden ( 1906 ) who suggested that the Dutch colonial government to provide education to the indigenous elite in the best tradition of the West who will be expected to be an important figure in the widely influential Indonesian society .
In keeping with the spirit of the Ethical Policy , the Dutch colonial government expanded the number of schools . Ethical political influence in the field of teaching and education all play an important role in the development and expansion of education and teaching in the Dutch East Indies . One of a group of highly ethical instrumental in this field is Mr . J.H. Abendanon (1852-1925) that the Minister of Culture , Religion , and Crafts for five years ( 1900-1905 ) . Since 1900 these schools stand , both for the aristocracy and the common people are almost evenly distributed in these areas .
In 1903 started grammar school founded called Volk School ( village ) with a 3-year study period was followed denmgan program Vervolg School ( Secondary School ) with a 2-year study period . With the previous school like this and then proceed to subsequent years , for example , called Meer Uitgebreid Leger Onderwijs ( MULO ) , which is a school with a junior high education level, level in the Dutch period and program Algemeene Middelbare School ( AMS ) which is equivalent to high school education level .
Although it seems fairly well established objective forms of schooling on top , but in practice , even if not directly , there is a tendency discriminatory . The trend was seen in the case of school children how to filter . The trick is to impose school fees are quite expensive , and are often preferred for families who have blue blood ancestry ( royal blood , royal blood ) or from among the " gentry " ( pangreh civil or an employee in the office of the Dutch government ) . Therefore , for the community down , then only from members of the community or the rich who are able to send their children to a high enough level of education . For community members who are less poor dispossessed or forced not to put their children to school , or at least forced to take other alternatives , for example, put their children into boarding school .
One thing that is undeniable is that the aim of the school is conducted in the Netherlands is not purely merely to empower public education , but rather to generate power bureaucrats ( in accordance with the level of education ) to be recruited in technical positions in the colonial administration Netherlands . For example , since 1864 the Dutch had introduced a test program called Klein Ambtenaars ' Examen , which is a program service exam that must be taken in order to lower a person can be appointed as a government employee . Therefore , it seems clear that a program to create low-level bureaucrats are quite prominent , especially after the year 1900 the school introduced Opleiding School voor Inlandsche Ambtenaren ( OSVIA ) , which is a school that is prepared to be public servants for the indigenous community . Thus there is a strong impression that the educational activities is to smooth the economic and political Netherlands .
Implementation of ethical policy not without criticism . Indo circles , which socially are second class citizens but legally including Europeans feel left out . Among them there is dissatisfaction because of the construction of educational institutions simply addressed to the natives ( exclusive ) . Consequently , the mix can not go to that place , while the choice for them for higher education should go to Europe , which are very costly .
Then in 1899 Deventer wrote in the magazine De Gids ( Guide ) , entitled Een Eereschuld ( debt of honor ) . Understanding the substasial Eereschuld is " honor debts to be paid , even if not in demand upfront judge " . It consists of concrete figures on the Dutch public that explains how they became prosperous and safe country ( the railways, dams , etc. ) is the result of colonization which comes from the Dutch colonies in the East Indies ( "Indonesia " ) , while the Indian Netherlands when it was poor and backward . So it is appropriate if such property is returned .
As a member of the Dutch Parliament Deventer , he received a ministerial duty of the colonies Idenburg to prepare a report on the economic situation of indigenous people in Java and Madura . Within a year , successfully complete the task Deventer (1904 ) . With open Deventer revealed a sad state , then the firm has blamed government policy .
Around the mid -19th century began to appear in the Dutch humanist movement spearheaded by , among others, Conrad Theodore van Deventer ( 1857-1915 ) . This movement emerged after news of the Dutch East Indies colonial behavior , specifically the practice of oppression . The motion judge that the Dutch have owed much to the Dutch East Indies . The Netherlands has taken many of the colonies , practically without giving anything . This motion requires a favorable change in the form of unilateral relationship into a mutually beneficial relationship ( Symbiosis mutualism ) .
The people who belong to groups such as other humanitarian : Walter Baron Van Hoevel , Fransen Van De Futte , also a Prime Minister Torbeck came forward to defend the interests of the Indonesian people . At that time considered to be the most successful figures change with the Dutch people's opinion a work of writing is " Douwes Dekker " with the pseudonym " Multatuli " . Who managed to write a work book called " Max Havelaar " .
Dutch Ethical Policy was initially formulated raises when the pro and cons , both among intellectuals , politicians and clergy ( the church ) in the Netherlands . There are some who oppose ( the levels are quite loud ) in the Dutch Parliament , but on the other hand there are supporting this program that they deem as ' humane ' or even as ' moral obligation ' to the people of Indonesia . Many people connect the new policy is the Dutch political thought and writings tulsian Van Deventer published some time earlier , so Van Deventer was then known as the originator of this ethical politics .
Ethical elaboration by Van Deventer was conceived in the form of irrigation, education and emigration . The support is initially emerged from the Dutch capitalists and industrialists who essentially wants to market its industry while economic betterment of the people first and the second Indonesia.Kebijakan abused by the Dutch government to construct irrigation for Dutch plantations and emigration is done by moving the population to Dutch plantation area to be used as forced labor . Only meaningful education for Indonesia .
Social improvement is visible starting addressed , among others, in terms of education . Why is this done ? Therefore , the problem of education ( education ) hardly explored and was deliberately not dealt before the Ethical Policy was initiated . This is reflected in the writings of Van Deventer in the magazine De Gids ( 1908 ) as follows : " Until recent times , most of us think of education no intelligence and refinement of intellect pekeerti Bumiputera nation . Originally paid tax , duty levy and planting done , not the origin of life of the people miserable , memadailah . Then the fun of the government . "
In 1905 , an election year in the Netherlands , Van Deventer and his friends to win the Dutch Parliament , which because they are key actors in the formation of the cabinet . A member of the Liberal Democrats , D. Fock , became Minister of Colonies . He's willing to promote and expand the education of the natives . This effort supported by Snouck suggestions and concepts , a professor indolog in Leiden ( 1906 ) who suggested that the Dutch colonial government to provide education to the indigenous elite in the best tradition of the West who will be expected to be an important figure in the widely influential Indonesian society .
In keeping with the spirit of the Ethical Policy , the Dutch colonial government expanded the number of schools . Ethical political influence in the field of teaching and education all play an important role in the development and expansion of education and teaching in the Dutch East Indies . One of a group of highly ethical instrumental in this field is Mr . J.H. Abendanon (1852-1925) that the Minister of Culture , Religion , and Crafts for five years ( 1900-1905 ) . Since 1900 these schools stand , both for the aristocracy and the common people are almost evenly distributed in these areas .
In 1903 started grammar school founded called Volk School ( village ) with a 3-year study period was followed denmgan program Vervolg School ( Secondary School ) with a 2-year study period . With the previous school like this and then proceed to subsequent years , for example , called Meer Uitgebreid Leger Onderwijs ( MULO ) , which is a school with a junior high education level, level in the Dutch period and program Algemeene Middelbare School ( AMS ) which is equivalent to high school education level .
Although it seems fairly well established objective forms of schooling on top , but in practice , even if not directly , there is a tendency discriminatory . The trend was seen in the case of school children how to filter . The trick is to impose school fees are quite expensive , and are often preferred for families who have blue blood ancestry ( royal blood , royal blood ) or from among the " gentry " ( pangreh civil or an employee in the office of the Dutch government ) . Therefore , for the community down , then only from members of the community or the rich who are able to send their children to a high enough level of education . For community members who are less poor dispossessed or forced not to put their children to school , or at least forced to take other alternatives , for example, put their children into boarding school .
One thing that is undeniable is that the aim of the school is conducted in the Netherlands is not purely merely to empower public education , but rather to generate power bureaucrats ( in accordance with the level of education ) to be recruited in technical positions in the colonial administration Netherlands . For example , since 1864 the Dutch had introduced a test program called Klein Ambtenaars ' Examen , which is a program service exam that must be taken in order to lower a person can be appointed as a government employee . Therefore , it seems clear that a program to create low-level bureaucrats are quite prominent , especially after the year 1900 the school introduced Opleiding School voor Inlandsche Ambtenaren ( OSVIA ) , which is a school that is prepared to be public servants for the indigenous community . Thus there is a strong impression that the educational activities is to smooth the economic and political Netherlands .
Implementation of ethical policy not without criticism . Indo circles , which socially are second class citizens but legally including Europeans feel left out . Among them there is dissatisfaction because of the construction of educational institutions simply addressed to the natives ( exclusive ) . Consequently , the mix can not go to that place , while the choice for them for higher education should go to Europe , which are very costly .
Reference : http://perkuliahancalonguru.blogspot.com/
6. Van
der Cappellen
Van der Capellen pemerintahnnya of the year during 1817
-1830 , applying liberal political and economic policies . By conservatives as
economic hardship that befell the Netherlands , the policy of liberal economic
policy has failed . During its development , the liberals and conservatives
dominate successive parliaments and governments . These circumstances affect
the political and economic policy in Indonesia as a colony also turns to follow
the existing policy in the Netherlands .
In the Netherlands alone there are 2 camps are arguing :
1 . Liberal stronghold
Have confidence that the colonies would be profitable for the Dutch economic affairs if left entirely to the private sector , without government interference . Colonial government only taxes and as a supervisor .
2 . Conservative stronghold
Believes that the colonies would benefit the Dutch economy if affairs are handled directly by the government . Indonesia is not yet ready to implement liberal economic policies .
Failure van der Capellen dropped liberals , in parliament and government dominated by conservatives . At the time of the Governor -General van den Bosch , implement conservative economic policies and politics in Indonesia. In 1830 began to apply the rules of peonage ( forced labor ) who disebur Cultuurstelsel . Cultuurstelsel in English is the Cultivation System, which has the meaning of cropping systems . But in Indonesia Cultuurstelsel better known as cultivation . This stands to reason as it is interpreted in practice because people are forced to work and grow crops without being obliged to return . Crop plants are required to conduct trade internationally as coffee , tea , pepper , quinine and tobacco .
Cultuurstelsel treated with the aim to earn as much as possible in a relatively short time . With the expectation that the debts of the Netherlands in the face of Napoleon's war and faced resistance kingdoms in Indonesia can be overcome . Cultuurstelsel main points include :
1 . People are obliged to prepare a fifth of arable land required for crops planted .
2 . Cropland compulsory tax-free , because the results are paid as taxes .
3 . Any excess of the amount of tax yields will be refunded .
4 . Effort and time required for the plants mandatory , should not exceed the time required to grow rice .
5 . The people who do not have the required ground work for 66 days in a year in garden or government -owned factories .
6 . If there is damage or crop failure is the responsibility of the government .
7 . Implementation left entirely to the cultivation of the native rulers ( village chief ) .
If you look at the points Cultuurstelsel when done properly is a good rule . However, in practice much of the specifics or in other words a deviation occurs . Deviations , among others :
1 . Land should be handed over the masses tend to exceed the provisions fifth , intended as a backup if the results are less favorable .
2 . Land planted with crops shall remain withdrawn tax .
3 . The people who do not have a claim turns out to work in factories or plantations more than 66 days or fifth year .
4 . Excess of the amount of tax yields were not returned .
5 . In the event of crop failure turned out to be borne by farmers .
This deviation occurs because the native rulers ( village head ) tempted by the lure of the Dutch system cultuur procenten apply .
Cultuur Procenten is :
Gifts or gratuities from the government for implementing cultivation ( native rulers , village heads ) who can submit harvest exceeds the provisions are applied in a timely manner .
This mebuat native rulers intensified push people to work extra hard , no matter the rules or the points in the culture system . Gifts or gratuities are the main objectives in addition to praise from the Dutch Government . Poverty and suffering of the people who do not care about getting worse . Areas that suffer a lot of them :
1 . Sala in the valley area which covers an area of Surakarta , Yogyakarta and Madiun .
2 . In the area of the Brantas valley especially in Kediri , Surabaya and Besuki ( Eastbourne ) .
3 . In Tuban and Jepara port area .
4 . In the Priangan .
5 . In West Sumatra , especially since the 1840s .
Cultivation Thanks to that, between the years 1830 - 1870 ( in 40 years ) , Government of the Netherlands to benefit 823 million guilders . With that money , the Dutch East Indies government treasury can be fully recharged again , only about 33 million guilders . The rest is used to build railroads and government buildings in the Netherlands .
In the Netherlands alone there are 2 camps are arguing :
1 . Liberal stronghold
Have confidence that the colonies would be profitable for the Dutch economic affairs if left entirely to the private sector , without government interference . Colonial government only taxes and as a supervisor .
2 . Conservative stronghold
Believes that the colonies would benefit the Dutch economy if affairs are handled directly by the government . Indonesia is not yet ready to implement liberal economic policies .
Failure van der Capellen dropped liberals , in parliament and government dominated by conservatives . At the time of the Governor -General van den Bosch , implement conservative economic policies and politics in Indonesia. In 1830 began to apply the rules of peonage ( forced labor ) who disebur Cultuurstelsel . Cultuurstelsel in English is the Cultivation System, which has the meaning of cropping systems . But in Indonesia Cultuurstelsel better known as cultivation . This stands to reason as it is interpreted in practice because people are forced to work and grow crops without being obliged to return . Crop plants are required to conduct trade internationally as coffee , tea , pepper , quinine and tobacco .
Cultuurstelsel treated with the aim to earn as much as possible in a relatively short time . With the expectation that the debts of the Netherlands in the face of Napoleon's war and faced resistance kingdoms in Indonesia can be overcome . Cultuurstelsel main points include :
1 . People are obliged to prepare a fifth of arable land required for crops planted .
2 . Cropland compulsory tax-free , because the results are paid as taxes .
3 . Any excess of the amount of tax yields will be refunded .
4 . Effort and time required for the plants mandatory , should not exceed the time required to grow rice .
5 . The people who do not have the required ground work for 66 days in a year in garden or government -owned factories .
6 . If there is damage or crop failure is the responsibility of the government .
7 . Implementation left entirely to the cultivation of the native rulers ( village chief ) .
If you look at the points Cultuurstelsel when done properly is a good rule . However, in practice much of the specifics or in other words a deviation occurs . Deviations , among others :
1 . Land should be handed over the masses tend to exceed the provisions fifth , intended as a backup if the results are less favorable .
2 . Land planted with crops shall remain withdrawn tax .
3 . The people who do not have a claim turns out to work in factories or plantations more than 66 days or fifth year .
4 . Excess of the amount of tax yields were not returned .
5 . In the event of crop failure turned out to be borne by farmers .
This deviation occurs because the native rulers ( village head ) tempted by the lure of the Dutch system cultuur procenten apply .
Cultuur Procenten is :
Gifts or gratuities from the government for implementing cultivation ( native rulers , village heads ) who can submit harvest exceeds the provisions are applied in a timely manner .
This mebuat native rulers intensified push people to work extra hard , no matter the rules or the points in the culture system . Gifts or gratuities are the main objectives in addition to praise from the Dutch Government . Poverty and suffering of the people who do not care about getting worse . Areas that suffer a lot of them :
1 . Sala in the valley area which covers an area of Surakarta , Yogyakarta and Madiun .
2 . In the area of the Brantas valley especially in Kediri , Surabaya and Besuki ( Eastbourne ) .
3 . In Tuban and Jepara port area .
4 . In the Priangan .
5 . In West Sumatra , especially since the 1840s .
Cultivation Thanks to that, between the years 1830 - 1870 ( in 40 years ) , Government of the Netherlands to benefit 823 million guilders . With that money , the Dutch East Indies government treasury can be fully recharged again , only about 33 million guilders . The rest is used to build railroads and government buildings in the Netherlands .
Reference :
7.
Willem Janssen
Governor general of the Dutch East
Indies were only replacements Daendels briefly
in power, one year
(1881). He is a
former governor colong Cape (South Africa).
Janssens when England
began to threaten the ruling power. Her
priority is to deal with attacks that have been urged Britain
and instead continue
the development that has been initiated Daendels palace for
his residence.
On August 1811 the UK really attack led Batavia with Lieutenant General Sir Samuel Auchmuty so Dutch-French troops had to retreat to Mesteer Cornelis. British forces after a battle victory at Meester Cornelis Janssens and troops surrendered (August 26, 1811). It marked the beginning of the 1811-1816 period of British colonialism under Thomas Stamford Raffles.
On August 1811 the UK really attack led Batavia with Lieutenant General Sir Samuel Auchmuty so Dutch-French troops had to retreat to Mesteer Cornelis. British forces after a battle victory at Meester Cornelis Janssens and troops surrendered (August 26, 1811). It marked the beginning of the 1811-1816 period of British colonialism under Thomas Stamford Raffles.
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